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Vartan Pasha
Vartan Pasha ((アルメニア語:Վարդան փաշա)), (Hovsep Vartanian or Osep Vartanian ) was an Ottoman Armenian statesman, author, and journalist of the 19th century, promoted to the rank of "Pasha" after three decades in the service of the state. He is also notable for his novel "Akabi's Story" (''Akabi Hikayesi''), published in 1851 in Turkish written in the Armenian script (a not unusual practice in the 19th century), and for having published the bilingual magazine ''Mecmua-i Havadis'', an important reference in the history of the Turkish written press.
His novel is, according to the Austrian Turkologist Andreas Tietze who re-edited it and had a transcription published in 1991, the first genuine novel published in Turkey or, according to another viewpoint, "one of the five early, contemporaneous and intermediate works of fiction that were clearly distinct from earlier prose traditions in both Divan and folk literature, and that approximate novelistic form."〔In her presentation of these five works, Dr. Gonca Gökalp of Hacettepe University points out that in the beginning, there was a Cretan, Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi with his "Muhayyelât" dated 1796, "Akabi's story" coming next in 1851, followed by "Hayalat-ı Dil" of Hasan Tevfik (1868), "Temaşa-i Dünya" of Evangelinos Misailidis, an Anatolian Greek from Kula (1872) and "Müsameretname" of Emin Nihat Bey (1875). (Five intermediate works in the beginning of the Turkish novel in the Ottoman era, Dr. Gonca Gökalp, 1998 ) , abstract also in English〕
The question of which was the first Turkish novel is still debated. The first Turkish novel has often been considered to be Sami Frashëri's "Love affair between Talat and Fitnat" (''Ta'aşşuk-ı Tal'at ve Fitnat''), published in 1872. On the other hand, although written in Turkish, Vartan Pasha's "Akabi's Story", because of its fully Armenian context, can also be considered as the first Armenian novel that saw print (Khachatur Abovian's ''Wounds of Armenia'' having been published in 1858).
==Biography==
Hovsep Vartanian ((アルメニア語:Յոսեփ Վարդանեան), was born in 1813 to Catholic Armenian parents. At the age of 13, he set out for Vienna, where he was enrolled in the school of Mechitarists. Once back to Turkey, he worked as a teacher for a couple of years, after which he took up a post in 1837 in the Dragoman's office of the Ottoman Empire. Rising through the ranks of the state bureaucracy, he was promoted to the rank of "Pasha" at the same time as his assignment as a founding member to the Ottoman Academy (''Encümen-i Daniş''), established along lines similar to those of the Académie française and which also acted as a consultative council for the Sultan. He wrote the novel "Akabi's Story" in 1851, while he was a member of the Academy, and a long story, also in Turkish, treating the deep divide and the strife between Gregorian and Catholic Armenians, a secondary theme in Akabi's novel, followed the next year. After his retirement, he started and managed the magazine "Mecmua-i Havadis", bilingual in Turkish and Armenian. He also wrote a biography of Napoleon I of France.〔Johann Strauss: ''Funktionsgebundenheit von Einzelsprachen und die Rolle von Übersetzungen am Beispiel des Osmanischen Reiches''. In: Harald Kittel, Juliane House, Brigitte Schultze (Hg.): ''Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction''. Volume 2 = raduction : encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction. Tome 2, W. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2007, S. 1238-1250. Hier S. 1247.〕 Vartan Pasha died in 1879.
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